Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan - Revision history

Rtuffli: SIGNAL publish from draft v646

2026-06-02T22:25:22Z

SIGNAL publish from draft v646

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:25, 2 June 2026
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	{{SignalTerm\|type=DS\|id=DS-00846\|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan}} refer to fine particulate matter with a diameter of ~~less than~~ 2.5 micrometers ~~released into the atmosphere as a result of~~ human activities. These emissions are significant ~~due to their impacts on~~ air ~~quality~~, ~~human~~ health, and ~~climate~~. In Afghanistan, sources of PM2.5 ~~include combustion of fossil fuels, biomass burning, industrial processes, and other anthropogenic activities. Monitoring these~~ emissions ~~provides essential data~~ for ~~understanding~~ air ~~pollution dynamics~~ and ~~their environmental consequences in the region~~. ~~The data presented here are derived from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), which compiles annual country-level totals of~~ PM2.5 emissions. This information supports scientific ~~assessment~~ and environmental management ~~efforts by providing a consistent and comprehensive overview of particulate emissions over time~~. Within the ~~SIGNAL system~~, ~~this phenomenon is treated~~ as ~~a defined environmental signal whose boundaries~~ and ~~measurement conventions are described below~~.		{{SignalTerm\|type=DS\|id=DS-00846\|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan}} refer to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less that originates from human activities. These emissions are a significant component of air pollution, contributing to adverse health effects and environmental degradation. In Afghanistan, understanding the scale and sources of PM2.5 emissions is crucial for assessing air quality and its impacts on public health and ecosystems.

			PM2.5 particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Monitoring these emissions provides insight into the human-induced contributions to ambient particulate matter levels. This information supports scientific assessments and informs environmental management strategies.

			Within the broader context of atmospheric pollution, anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions are influenced by factors such as energy production, transportation, industrial activities, and biomass burning. Afghanistan's unique geographic and socio-economic conditions shape the patterns and intensity of these emissions.

	== Geographic / System Context ==		== Geographic / System Context ==
	Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in South-Central Asia characterized by diverse topography including mountainous regions, arid plains, and river valleys. The country ~~experiences a continental~~ climate with ~~significant~~ seasonal ~~temperature~~ variations~~. Its geographic and climatic~~ conditions ~~influence the dispersion and concentration of air pollutants such as PM2.5~~. Urban centers, ~~agricultural~~ areas, and ~~regions with active biomass burning~~ contribute ~~variably~~ to ~~particulate~~ emissions. The ~~combination of natural~~ and ~~anthropogenic factors shapes the spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 emissions across Afghanistan's territory~~.		Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in South-Central Asia characterized by diverse topography including mountainous regions, arid plains, and river valleys. The country's climate ranges from arid to semi-arid, with seasonal variations influencing atmospheric conditions. Urban centers, rural areas, and agricultural zones contribute differently to PM2.5 emissions due to varying energy use, transportation modes, and biomass burning practices. The geographic setting affects pollutant dispersion and accumulation, with valleys potentially experiencing higher concentrations due to limited air circulation.

	== Monitoring and Measurement ==		== Monitoring and Measurement ==
	Monitoring of PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan relies primarily on ~~emission~~ inventories ~~compiled through~~ modeling ~~and data synthesis rather than direct measurement networks, which are~~ limited ~~in coverage~~. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides gridded ~~and country-level~~ estimates of ~~annual~~ PM2.5 emissions by integrating ~~activity~~ data, ~~emission factors~~, and ~~sectoral information~~. These inventories are ~~constructed~~ using standardized methodologies to ~~ensure comparability across regions and time~~. ~~Remote~~ sensing and ~~ground-based observations, where available,~~ complement ~~emission inventories~~ by providing ~~data on ambient~~ particulate ~~concentrations and aerosol properties. However, direct measurement of source-specific PM2.5 emissions remains challenging in Afghanistan due to infrastructural and logistical constraints~~.		Monitoring of PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan relies primarily on emissions inventories and atmospheric modeling due to limited ground-based air quality monitoring infrastructure. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides annual gridded estimates of PM2.5 emissions by country, integrating data from energy consumption, industrial processes, transportation, and biomass burning. These inventories are developed using standardized methodologies and proxy data to estimate emissions where direct measurements are sparse. Satellite remote sensing and atmospheric chemical transport models complement inventory data by providing spatial and temporal context for particulate matter distribution.

	Within the SIGNAL system, anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan are treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.		Within the SIGNAL system, anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan are treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.

	== Signal Definition ==		== Signal Definition ==
	This signal ~~represents~~ the total annual emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ~~originating from human activities~~ within the national boundaries of Afghanistan. ~~It quantifies the mass of~~ PM2.5 ~~released into the atmosphere from sources such as~~ fossil ~~fuel combustion~~, ~~biomass burning~~, ~~industrial processes~~, and ~~other anthropogenic activities aggregated at the country scale~~. The data are derived from the EDGAR v4.3.2 ~~global emission~~ inventory, ~~which estimates emissions using~~ standardized ~~activity data and emission factors for~~ the ~~period 1970–2012. The signal focuses exclusively on particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter, which is relevant for air quality and health impact assessments~~.		This signal measures the total annual anthropogenic emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) within the national boundaries of Afghanistan. The measurement aggregates all human-generated sources contributing to PM2.5, including combustion of fossil fuels, industrial activities, residential heating and cooking, transportation, and agricultural residue burning. The data are derived from the EDGAR v4.3.2 emissions inventory, representing country-level totals expressed in mass units standardized by the SIGNAL system.

	== Boundary Conditions ==		== Boundary Conditions ==
	~~The signal includes~~ all ~~anthropogenic sources of~~ PM2.5 emissions ~~occurring~~ within ~~the~~ internationally recognized ~~boundaries of Afghanistan~~. This ~~encompasses~~ emissions from ~~residential~~, ~~industrial, transportation~~, agricultural ~~burning, and energy production sectors~~. ~~Natural~~ sources of PM2.5, such as dust storms, ~~volcanic~~ activity, and ~~biogenic emissions, are excluded from this signal. Transboundary transport of PM2.5 emitted~~ outside Afghanistan ~~is also excluded, as the~~ signal ~~specifically quantifies emissions generated within~~ the ~~country's borders. Emissions~~ from ~~military activities, if reported~~ in ~~the underlying data, are included only to the extent they are captured by~~ the EDGAR inventory methodology.		Boundary inclusions encompass all PM2.5 emissions directly attributable to human activities within Afghanistan's internationally recognized borders. This includes emissions from stationary sources such as power plants and factories, mobile sources like vehicles, and open burning of agricultural residues. Boundary exclusions comprise natural sources of PM2.5 such as dust storms, wildfires unrelated to human activity, and transboundary pollution originating outside Afghanistan. The signal does not account for secondary particulate matter formed in the atmosphere from precursor gases unless included in the EDGAR inventory methodology.

	== Aggregation Semantics ==		== Aggregation Semantics ==
	Geographically, the signal aggregates ~~PM2.5~~ emissions at the national ~~level~~ for Afghanistan, ~~integrating emissions from all included sectors within~~ the country's ~~borders~~. Temporally, the ~~signal is aggregated on an~~ annual ~~basis~~, ~~providing~~ year-to-year ~~totals that allow for~~ trend analysis ~~over multi-decadal periods~~. Cross-signal aggregation ~~involves comparison and correlation~~ with related environmental signals such as aerosol optical depth and ambient PM2.5 ~~concentrations, which reflect the atmospheric presence and effects~~ of particulate matter. ~~Such aggregation facilitates comprehensive environmental assessments linking~~ emissions ~~to air quality~~ and ~~climate impacts. The aggregation approach supports consistent temporal and spatial analyses aligned with international emission inventory standards~~.		Geographically, the signal aggregates emissions data at the national scale for Afghanistan, aligning with the country's administrative boundaries. Temporally, the data represent annual totals, enabling year-to-year comparisons and trend analysis. Cross-signal aggregation is possible with related environmental signals such as aerosol optical depth and ambient PM2.5 concentration to provide comprehensive assessments of particulate matter dynamics. Aggregation notes emphasize that the signal reflects emissions input rather than ambient concentrations, which are influenced by atmospheric transport and chemical transformation.

	== Observational Status ==		== Observational Status ==
	Current observational ~~data for anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan are primarily derived from~~ the EDGAR v4.3.2 ~~emission~~ inventory, which ~~offers~~ gridded ~~and country-level annual totals up to 2012~~. ~~Direct~~ ground-based ~~measurement networks for~~ PM2.5 ~~emissions~~ are ~~sparse within~~ the ~~country~~, ~~limiting real-time monitoring capabilities~~. Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate updated ~~emission~~ inventories, ~~extended temporal coverage~~, and integration with ~~ambient concentration datasets to enhance the understanding of emission sources~~ and ~~their environmental effects. Advancements in remote sensing and modeling are expected to improve spatial resolution and sectoral attribution of PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan~~.		Current observational status relies on the EDGAR v4.3.2 emissions inventory, which provides gridded global emissions data for the period 1970–2012, including Afghanistan. While direct ground-based PM2.5 emission measurements are limited in the region, the inventory offers a consistent and scientifically vetted estimate of anthropogenic emissions. Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate updated inventories, enhanced spatial resolution, and integration with observational data from satellite platforms and local monitoring networks as they become available.

	== Related Signals ==		== Related Signals ==

Rtuffli: SIGNAL publish from draft v534

2026-05-31T02:40:45Z

SIGNAL publish from draft v534

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:40, 31 May 2026
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	{{SignalTerm\|type=DS\|id=DS-00846\|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan}} refer to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers ~~or less~~ released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. These emissions are a significant ~~component of~~ air ~~pollution~~, ~~affecting air quality and~~ human health. In Afghanistan, sources of ~~anthropogenic~~ PM2.5 include combustion ~~processes from residential heating~~, ~~transportation~~, ~~industry~~, and ~~agricultural practices~~.		{{SignalTerm\|type=DS\|id=DS-00846\|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan}} refer to fine particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. These emissions are significant due to their impacts on air quality, human health, and climate. In Afghanistan, sources of PM2.5 include combustion of fossil fuels, biomass burning, industrial processes, and other anthropogenic activities. Monitoring these emissions provides essential data for understanding air pollution dynamics and their environmental consequences in the region. The data presented here are derived from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), which compiles annual country-level totals of PM2.5 emissions. This information supports scientific assessment and environmental management efforts by providing a consistent and comprehensive overview of particulate emissions over time. Within the SIGNAL system, this phenomenon is treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.

	~~Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5~~ emissions is essential for ~~assessing~~ environmental ~~and public health impacts~~. The data ~~on these~~ emissions ~~contribute to broader air quality management and environmental monitoring efforts~~. This information ~~also~~ supports scientific ~~assessments~~ of ~~atmospheric composition and pollutant transport within the region~~.

	Within the ~~global context~~, ~~Afghanistan's PM2.5 emissions contribute to regional air pollution dynamics and may influence transboundary air quality. Monitoring and quantifying these emissions provide~~ a ~~foundation for evaluating trends~~ and ~~potential mitigation strategies~~.

	== Geographic / System Context ==		== Geographic / System Context ==
	Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in South-Central Asia characterized by diverse topography, including mountainous regions, arid plains, and river valleys. The country~~'s varied~~ climate and ~~geography~~ influence the ~~distribution~~ and ~~sources~~ of ~~particulate matter emissions~~. Urban centers ~~such as Kabul experience higher emissions due to concentrated human activities~~, ~~while rural~~ areas ~~contribute through~~ biomass burning and ~~agricultural practices. Seasonal variations, including winter heating demands~~ and ~~agricultural cycles, affect emission~~ patterns across ~~the country~~.		Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in South-Central Asia characterized by diverse topography including mountainous regions, arid plains, and river valleys. The country experiences a continental climate with significant seasonal temperature variations. Its geographic and climatic conditions influence the dispersion and concentration of air pollutants such as PM2.5. Urban centers, agricultural areas, and regions with active biomass burning contribute variably to particulate emissions. The combination of natural and anthropogenic factors shapes the spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 emissions across Afghanistan's territory.

	== Monitoring and Measurement ==		== Monitoring and Measurement ==
	~~The monitoring~~ of ~~anthropogenic~~ PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan relies primarily on emission inventories and ~~atmospheric modeling~~ rather than ~~extensive ground-based~~ measurement networks. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides ~~annual~~ gridded estimates of PM2.5 emissions by ~~country, compiled from various sectoral~~ activity data ~~and~~ emission factors. These inventories ~~integrate information on fuel consumption, industrial activity, transportation,~~ and ~~biomass burning~~. Remote sensing and ~~satellite~~ observations complement ~~ground data~~ by providing ~~regional~~ aerosol ~~measurements~~, ~~though~~ direct measurement of emissions remains ~~limited~~ in ~~the region~~.		Monitoring of PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan relies primarily on emission inventories compiled through modeling and data synthesis rather than direct measurement networks, which are limited in coverage. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides gridded and country-level estimates of annual PM2.5 emissions by integrating activity data, emission factors, and sectoral information. These inventories are constructed using standardized methodologies to ensure comparability across regions and time. Remote sensing and ground-based observations, where available, complement emission inventories by providing data on ambient particulate concentrations and aerosol properties. However, direct measurement of source-specific PM2.5 emissions remains challenging in Afghanistan due to infrastructural and logistical constraints.

	Within the SIGNAL system, ~~this phenomenon is~~ treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.		Within the SIGNAL system, anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan are treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.

	== Signal Definition ==		== Signal Definition ==
	~~The {{SignalTerm\|type=DS\|id=DS-00846\|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions}}~~ signal represents the total annual ~~mass~~ of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ~~emitted by~~ human activities within the national boundaries of Afghanistan. ~~This signal~~ quantifies ~~emissions~~ from combustion ~~processes~~, industrial ~~sources, transportation~~, and ~~agricultural residue burning as estimated by~~ the EDGAR inventory. The ~~measurement unit~~ and ~~temporal resolution are defined according to the source inventory standards~~.		This signal represents the total annual emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) originating from human activities within the national boundaries of Afghanistan. It quantifies the mass of PM2.5 released into the atmosphere from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, industrial processes, and other anthropogenic activities aggregated at the country scale. The data are derived from the EDGAR v4.3.2 global emission inventory, which estimates emissions using standardized activity data and emission factors for the period 1970–2012. The signal focuses exclusively on particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter, which is relevant for air quality and health impact assessments.

	== Boundary Conditions ==		== Boundary Conditions ==
	~~Boundary inclusions encompass~~ all anthropogenic sources of PM2.5 emissions within Afghanistan~~'s political boundaries, including~~ residential ~~heating~~, industrial ~~operations~~, ~~vehicle exhaust~~, ~~and~~ agricultural burning. ~~Boundary exclusions omit natural~~ sources of PM2.5 such as ~~wildfires,~~ dust storms, and biogenic emissions, ~~as well as transboundary pollution transported into or out~~ of Afghanistan. Emissions from ~~sources outside~~ the ~~national borders~~ are ~~not~~ included~~, ensuring~~ the ~~signal reflects domestic anthropogenic contributions only~~.		The signal includes all anthropogenic sources of PM2.5 emissions occurring within the internationally recognized boundaries of Afghanistan. This encompasses emissions from residential, industrial, transportation, agricultural burning, and energy production sectors. Natural sources of PM2.5, such as dust storms, volcanic activity, and biogenic emissions, are excluded from this signal. Transboundary transport of PM2.5 emitted outside Afghanistan is also excluded, as the signal specifically quantifies emissions generated within the country's borders. Emissions from military activities, if reported in the underlying data, are included only to the extent they are captured by the EDGAR inventory methodology.

	== Aggregation Semantics ==		== Aggregation Semantics ==
	Geographically, the signal aggregates PM2.5 emissions ~~across~~ the ~~entire territory of~~ Afghanistan, ~~encompassing urban, rural, and industrial areas~~. Temporally, the ~~aggregation~~ is annual, ~~reflecting total emissions summed~~ over ~~each calendar year~~. Cross-signal aggregation ~~may involve integration~~ with related environmental signals such as aerosol optical depth and ambient PM2.5 ~~concentration to provide a comprehensive understanding~~ of particulate matter ~~dynamics~~. ~~Aggregation notes emphasize that the signal is a top-down estimate derived from~~ emission ~~inventories rather than direct measurements~~.		Geographically, the signal aggregates PM2.5 emissions at the national level for Afghanistan, integrating emissions from all included sectors within the country's borders. Temporally, the signal is aggregated on an annual basis, providing year-to-year totals that allow for trend analysis over multi-decadal periods. Cross-signal aggregation involves comparison and correlation with related environmental signals such as aerosol optical depth and ambient PM2.5 concentrations, which reflect the atmospheric presence and effects of particulate matter. Such aggregation facilitates comprehensive environmental assessments linking emissions to air quality and climate impacts. The aggregation approach supports consistent temporal and spatial analyses aligned with international emission inventory standards.

	== Observational Status ==		== Observational Status ==
	~~Currently, the~~ observational ~~status of~~ anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan ~~is based on modeled emission inventories such as~~ EDGAR v4.3.2, which ~~provide consistent~~ annual ~~estimates from 1970~~ to 2012. ~~Ground~~-based monitoring ~~infrastructure in Afghanistan remains limited, constraining direct observational data~~. Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate updated emission inventories, ~~enhanced spatial resolution~~, and integration with ~~satellite-derived aerosol observations~~ to improve ~~accuracy~~ and ~~temporal coverage~~.		Current observational data for anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan are primarily derived from the EDGAR v4.3.2 emission inventory, which offers gridded and country-level annual totals up to 2012. Direct ground-based measurement networks for PM2.5 emissions are sparse within the country, limiting real-time monitoring capabilities. Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate updated emission inventories, extended temporal coverage, and integration with ambient concentration datasets to enhance the understanding of emission sources and their environmental effects. Advancements in remote sensing and modeling are expected to improve spatial resolution and sectoral attribution of PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan.

	== Related Signals ==		== Related Signals ==

Rtuffli: SIGNAL publish from draft v506

2026-05-31T02:24:56Z

SIGNAL publish from draft v506

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|+ SIGNAL Earth Structured Data
|-
! Object type
| Damage Signal
|-
! SIGNAL Earth ID
| DS-00846
|-
! Observable type
| —
|-
! Unit
| Gg
|-
! Temporal structure
| —
|-
! Monitoring backbone
| —
|}


{{SignalTerm|type=DS|id=DS-00846|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 Emissions in Afghanistan}} refer to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. These emissions are a significant component of air pollution, affecting air quality and human health. In Afghanistan, sources of anthropogenic PM2.5 include combustion processes from residential heating, transportation, industry, and agricultural practices.

Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 emissions is essential for assessing environmental and public health impacts. The data on these emissions contribute to broader air quality management and environmental monitoring efforts. This information also supports scientific assessments of atmospheric composition and pollutant transport within the region.

Within the global context, Afghanistan's PM2.5 emissions contribute to regional air pollution dynamics and may influence transboundary air quality. Monitoring and quantifying these emissions provide a foundation for evaluating trends and potential mitigation strategies.

== Geographic / System Context ==
Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in South-Central Asia characterized by diverse topography, including mountainous regions, arid plains, and river valleys. The country's varied climate and geography influence the distribution and sources of particulate matter emissions. Urban centers such as Kabul experience higher emissions due to concentrated human activities, while rural areas contribute through biomass burning and agricultural practices. Seasonal variations, including winter heating demands and agricultural cycles, affect emission patterns across the country.

== Monitoring and Measurement ==
The monitoring of anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan relies primarily on emission inventories and atmospheric modeling rather than extensive ground-based measurement networks. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides annual gridded estimates of PM2.5 emissions by country, compiled from various sectoral activity data and emission factors. These inventories integrate information on fuel consumption, industrial activity, transportation, and biomass burning. Remote sensing and satellite observations complement ground data by providing regional aerosol measurements, though direct measurement of emissions remains limited in the region.

Within the SIGNAL system, this phenomenon is treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.

== Signal Definition ==
The {{SignalTerm|type=DS|id=DS-00846|label=Anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions}} signal represents the total annual mass of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted by human activities within the national boundaries of Afghanistan. This signal quantifies emissions from combustion processes, industrial sources, transportation, and agricultural residue burning as estimated by the EDGAR inventory. The measurement unit and temporal resolution are defined according to the source inventory standards.

== Boundary Conditions ==
Boundary inclusions encompass all anthropogenic sources of PM2.5 emissions within Afghanistan's political boundaries, including residential heating, industrial operations, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural burning. Boundary exclusions omit natural sources of PM2.5 such as wildfires, dust storms, and biogenic emissions, as well as transboundary pollution transported into or out of Afghanistan. Emissions from sources outside the national borders are not included, ensuring the signal reflects domestic anthropogenic contributions only.

== Aggregation Semantics ==
Geographically, the signal aggregates PM2.5 emissions across the entire territory of Afghanistan, encompassing urban, rural, and industrial areas. Temporally, the aggregation is annual, reflecting total emissions summed over each calendar year. Cross-signal aggregation may involve integration with related environmental signals such as aerosol optical depth and ambient PM2.5 concentration to provide a comprehensive understanding of particulate matter dynamics. Aggregation notes emphasize that the signal is a top-down estimate derived from emission inventories rather than direct measurements.

== Observational Status ==
Currently, the observational status of anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in Afghanistan is based on modeled emission inventories such as EDGAR v4.3.2, which provide consistent annual estimates from 1970 to 2012. Ground-based monitoring infrastructure in Afghanistan remains limited, constraining direct observational data. Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate updated emission inventories, enhanced spatial resolution, and integration with satellite-derived aerosol observations to improve accuracy and temporal coverage.

== Related Signals ==
* Aerosol optical depth
* Agriculture — Burning - Crop residues Emissions
* Ambient PM2.5 concentration


== Key Associated People ==
* '''Diego Guizzardi''' (Didesk Informatica / EDGAR collaborator) [Lead author]



== Sources ==
* [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/10/1987/2018/essd-10-1987-2018.html Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2 — 2018]