Editing Natural gas extraction rate

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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:320px;"
|+ SIGNAL Earth Structured Data
|-
! Object type
| Damage Signal
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! SIGNAL Earth ID
| DS-00032
|-
! Observable type
| Natural gas extraction rate
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! Unit
| m³/yr (cubic meters of natural gas extracted per year)
|-
! Temporal structure
| Annual
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! Monitoring backbone
| Production statistics + operator reporting
|}
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The {{SignalTerm|type=DS|id=DS-00032|label=Natural gas extraction rate}} quantifies the volume of natural gas removed from underground reservoirs over a specified period, typically expressed in cubic meters per year (m³/yr). This measure is critical for understanding the scale and intensity of natural gas production activities globally. As a key component of the global energy supply, natural gas extraction influences economic development, energy security, and environmental conditions.

Extraction of natural gas involves the withdrawal of hydrocarbon gases trapped in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. The rate of extraction reflects both the demand for natural gas and the capacity of extraction infrastructure. Monitoring this rate provides insight into resource depletion trends and potential environmental pressures associated with extraction activities.

Within the context of environmental monitoring, the natural gas extraction rate serves as a pressure or stressor indicator, representing human-driven resource extraction within the broader extraction domain. Its measurement supports assessments of environmental impacts related to resource depletion and associated emissions.

== Geographic / System Context ==
Natural gas extraction occurs worldwide, with significant activity concentrated in regions rich in hydrocarbon reserves such as North America, the Middle East, Russia, and parts of Asia and Africa. The geographic distribution of extraction sites varies according to geological formations, technological accessibility, and economic factors. Extraction operations may be located onshore or offshore, encompassing diverse environmental settings from sedimentary basins to deepwater fields.

The global scope of natural gas extraction necessitates consideration of varied geographic units, including national, regional, and basin-level scales. These geographic contexts influence extraction methods, regulatory frameworks, and environmental conditions associated with production activities.

== Monitoring and Measurement ==
Monitoring of natural gas extraction rates relies primarily on production statistics reported by operators and compiled by governmental and industry organizations. These data are typically collected on an annual basis and include volumes of gas withdrawn from reservoirs measured through metering infrastructure at extraction sites.

Operator reporting is supplemented by national energy agencies and international bodies that aggregate and verify production data. Scientific methods may also include remote sensing and geophysical surveys to estimate reserves and production potential, though direct measurement remains the standard for extraction rate quantification.

Within the SIGNAL system, this phenomenon is treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.

== Signal Definition ==
The natural gas extraction rate is defined as the total volume of natural gas extracted from subsurface reservoirs within a defined geographic area over a one-year period. It is measured in cubic meters per year (m³/yr) and represents a DRIVER condition within the Extraction domain, serving as a pressure or stressor on environmental systems due to resource removal and associated operational impacts.

== Boundary Conditions ==
Boundary inclusions encompass all volumes of natural gas withdrawn from geological formations during extraction activities, including conventional and unconventional sources such as shale gas and tight gas. Extraction methods covered include both onshore and offshore operations.

Boundary exclusions consist of volumes of natural gas that are vented, flared, or lost through fugitive emissions post-extraction, as these are accounted for in separate related signals. Additionally, natural gas consumption, transportation, and storage are outside the scope of this signal.

== Aggregation Semantics ==
Geographic aggregation of the natural gas extraction rate can be performed at multiple scales, from local extraction fields to national and global totals, enabling assessment of spatial patterns and trends. Temporal aggregation is standardized to annual intervals, reflecting the reporting conventions of production statistics.

Cross-signal aggregation involves integrating this signal with related environmental indicators such as emissions from gas flaring and fugitive hydrocarbon releases, providing a comprehensive view of extraction-related environmental pressures. Aggregation notes emphasize the importance of consistent geographic boundaries and temporal intervals to ensure comparability across datasets.

== Observational Status ==
Monitoring of the natural gas extraction rate is well-established through operator reporting and national statistics, providing consistent annual data at global and regional scales. Data quality depends on reporting accuracy and completeness, which can vary by jurisdiction.

Future SIGNAL releases may incorporate enhanced spatial resolution, improved integration with related environmental signals, and refined boundary definitions to better capture the complexity of extraction activities and their environmental implications.

== Related Signals ==
* Contaminated operational runoff to receiving waters
* Global annual CO2 emissions from gas flaring
* Hydrocarbon fugitive emissions from gas processing and liquefaction
* Industrial contaminated wastewater discharge to receiving waters
* Saline and brine discharge to receiving waters

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== Key Associated People ==
* '''J. Wang''' (-) [Lead author]
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== Sources ==
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484720304200 Modelling world natural gas production — 2020]
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