Editing Soil moisture (volumetric) (section)

== Monitoring and Measurement ==
Soil moisture is monitored using a combination of in situ measurements, remote sensing technologies, and model-based estimations. Ground-based sensors provide direct volumetric water content measurements at specific locations, offering high temporal resolution data. Satellite missions, such as those contributing to the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI), utilize microwave radiometry and radar to estimate soil moisture over large spatial extents with global coverage.

These observations are often integrated with land surface models to improve spatial and temporal representation. Standard measurement conventions express soil moisture as a percentage of the soil volume occupied by water, enabling consistent comparisons across datasets and studies. Scientific institutions involved in soil moisture monitoring include space agencies and environmental research organizations that develop and maintain global soil moisture products.

Within the SIGNAL system, soil moisture (volumetric) is treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.