Editing Pesticide runoff concentration (section)

== Monitoring and Measurement ==
Monitoring pesticide runoff concentration typically involves collecting water samples from surface water bodies during and following precipitation or irrigation events that generate runoff. Analytical methods include chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect and quantify pesticide residues at trace levels. Institutions such as the U.S. Geological Survey ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey USGS]), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), and Swiss Water Association (VSA) conduct long-term monitoring programs employing automated samplers and high-frequency sampling to capture temporal variability. Data collection protocols emphasize standardized sampling locations, timing relative to runoff events, and quality assurance to ensure comparability across sites and studies.

Within the SIGNAL system, this phenomenon is treated as a defined environmental signal whose boundaries and measurement conventions are described below.